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Human Resource Management in China. Performance Appraisal Dissertation

Human Resource Management in China. Execution Appraisal - Dissertation Example Edvinsson’s elucidation of scholarly capital in his book implies the significance of human asset the executives to a raised degree. Human asset is one of the most crucial and significant capacity for the advancement of an association. The workforce of an endeavor assumes the most urgent job for the firm to flourish in the market in an effective and fitting way. The objectives and targets of an association are inherently reliant upon the effectiveness of its utilized people. This assignment goes under the shadow of the human asset the executives which is required to work in the most fitting way for the company in any industry (Price, 2011). The best business partnerships in the west will in general put huge consideration upon the working workforce to remain the best in business. The reliance of an association so as to achieve the points is the most upon human asset the board in light of the fact that the proficiency or inadequacy of the workers straightforwardly influences the account of association. Human asset the board similar to a basic and imperative component of any business organization in a general sense manages the work of people that is enrollment and determination of possibility to be included into the workforce in the most appropriate way (Sims, 2006). Notwithstanding extending or supplanting the work group, it likewise manages the preparation and improvement of enrolled representatives by which the hierarchical advancement is straightforwardly related. With the entirety of different duties of human asset the board, there is fundamentally a huge errand which human asset the executives is liable for. This undertaking is identified with the exhibition of utilized people in concordance with the points, destinations and guidelines of the association. The explanation behind this assignment being basic for any association and its human asset the executives is the way that the presentation of workers straightforwardly influences the exhibition of the association in the market (Price, 2011). Human asset the executives is one of the most legitimate divisions in the authoritative administration since it manages the recruiting and terminating of representatives based on their presentation in the work power (Sims, 2006). The most noticeable and clear approach to manage a low performing representative is to fire that person from the workforce and select the better individual in the group based on his abilities and capacities. The presentation of worker is legitimately related to the income that is produced by any association. In the event that the human asset of an organization works effectively and suitably, at that point the incomes of certain organization is essentially going to be expanded and the other way around. In industry from avionics to food industry, the human asset the board assumes an essential job in regards to the diagram of execution of the work power on individual just as on the gathering level. The terminating and recruiting of representatives is carefully reliant upon the exhibition of people which is guaranteed by the human asset division to any firm (Price, 2011). Employees’ Performance and Corporations are framed with certain business destinations fundamental each official movement of that enterprise. The most significant and certain target which every business firm chooses is the greatest age of income and making the most extreme benefit out of its capital and assets. From creation to support provision and from clothing to natural ways of life, each business hierarchical dealings are in a general sense subordinate upon these two targets. In the entirety of the assets of an organization in any industry, the murmur

2 Contemporary Books To Get You Writing

2 Contemporary Books To Get You Writing The Artists Way by Julia Cameron has long been a go-to for many artists who need inspiration or direction. Since 1992, it has morphed into several updated versions including a  workbook   as well as an actual course. Though it’s still going strong today, some writers may be looking for even newer motivation. Here are two more books on craft that can get that pen to paper. And fingers to the keyboard. And thumbs to the phone screen. And voice to the mic. You/Poet by Rayna Hutchison and Samuel Blake This book’s subtitle reads “Learn The Art. Speak Your Truth. Share Your Voice.” That’s empowerment right on the cover. Part I offers really short chapters packed with the basics of traditional poetry and contemporary poetry. There’s also a section on spoken word. Even if you don’t want to read the entire chapters (which, seriously, are so quick!), green info boxes appear with fun quotes and facts about poets. Part II gives a roundup of technique. In addition to discussing metaphors and similes, it gives helpful hints about   using semi-colons and colons. (I am in love with this section.) Moreover, there are hints about editing. (I am more in love.) Part III is all about the prompts. Single-word prompts. Word jumble prompts. Image prompts. Micro-poetry prompts (they give you a line and you finish it). Thematic prompts.  These prompts appear on lined pages. That means you write right there! Directly following are some easy-to-understand examples of specific poetry forms. Including Twitterature. It’s a thing, y’all. via GIPHY Part IV is all about getting your work out into the realm of readers. There’s some solid traditional advice, but also included is advice about super-digital-media publishing and publicity. Leading by example, the book has its own hashtag: #YouPoetBook. While it obviously is directed at poets, any kind of writer can get something out of this collection of motivational prompts. CREDO: An Anthology of Manifestos and Sourcebook for Creative Writing by Rita Banerjee and Diana Norma Szokolyai While You/Poet focuses on the compact, quick prompting, CREDO offers a more in-depth swell of writing craft. I mean, its a man i fest o. For writers who want motivation by way of the profound, this anthology offers philosophical essays about writing. These essays address why we write and how we write creatively. The philosophy behind building the craft appears as a way to urge writers to hone their own skills. For writers who are looking to be inspired by the creative writing of others, there are literary snippets. Read a poem by Camille Rankine. Read some prose by Caitlin Johnson. Then write your own poetry and prose. For writers who want a more pragmatic approach, creative writing exercises also appear. These are prompts in various genres available to any writer looking to write in any way. via GIPHY From the decades of The Artists’ Way, writers have seen themselves as creators. Both You/Poet and CREDO urge writers to continue to create through writing. Once you’ve found a spark with these, try some more from this list here. As always, feel free to share your experiences with these books or leave your own suggestions in the comments.

Freedom Writers Film Review - 1085 Words

Freedom Writers Film Review But even an ordinary secretary Or a housewife or a teenager Can, within their own small ways, Turn on a small light in a dark room. - Miep Gies Just like how Erin Gruwell (Hilary Swank) turned the lights on, in the dark room of 203. Freedom Writers is a film inspired by students of Woodrow Wilson High School as they experience the aftermath of LA riots. Los Angeles resembles a war zone back in the 1992. During this time in America, it all comes down to what a person look like. Latino, Asian, and Black got blasted by those who think they are superior from the rest. Different cultures fight each other for territory and kill each other over race, pride and respect. One of the greatest challenges of a multi-cultural country is dealing with other people from different race. And that is why the teenagers from the movies struggled trusting each other. You have to protect your own and this leads to violence against each other. Richard LaGravenes, the screenplay director of the film Freedom Writers who is also known for writing and directing P.S. I love you (2007), Unbroken (2014), and The Mirror Has Two Faces (1996). This film is based on true life story of a passionate teacher, Erin Gruwell (Hilary Swank), who took the challenge of teaching a group of students who belongs to different race. It was set in Los Angeles in 1994 after the riots. Erin Gruwell (Hilary Swank) arrived positively for her first day of teaching at Wilson High, a school whichShow MoreRelatedFilm Review: Freedom Writers2653 Words   |  11 PagesImpact of the film Through the film, it is clear to see the hard work put on by Erin Gruwell. Through his hard work and determination, he transforms the life of some of her students. This movie influences my life because I understand some of the issues that people in the society face. The society has people with different likes and preferences. Some of these may not be in line with what expected by society. It is the work of teachers and guardians to guide students to lead a fruitful life. TheRead MoreEssay on Film Review - Freedom Writers2020 Words   |  9 PagesPaper- Film Analysis Inner-city schools are suffered by multilayered structural and institutional problems. Although urban problems mainly stem from socio-political power relations rather than individuals, classroom teachers must shoulder the responsibility for making education caring for urban youth. Freedom Writers (2007), a film released in 2007, addresses the complex challenges that inner-city teachers face by acting the special pedagogy of one teacher, Erin Gruwell. Throughout the film, theRead MoreThe Shift Of Online : The Implications For Screenwriters1175 Words   |  5 Pagesup with funny situations for silent films--was the early form of what would eventually become the screenwriting industry. Since the silent films being made in the 1890 s had no dialogue, it wasn t until the emergence of sound in film, in the 1920 s, that writers flocked to Hollywood in order to become a part of the new, promising industry. (â€Å"Cinema†) Screenwriting is the workmanship and art of composing scripts for mass media communications like feature films, television,and video games. ScreenwritersRead MoreProstitution: A Modern Form of Slavery694 Words   |  3 Pagesnothing that wouldn’t mend with a bit of rest.† The pimp expresses fury over one young woman’s escape to the safety of a women’s refuge. Literature Review/Background The stories and movies used in this paper are chosen among contemporary works. The short story â€Å"Business Philosophy† by Marina Lewycka was published in 2009 in a book called â€Å"Freedom: Short Stories Celebrating the Universal Declaration of Human Rights† and concentrates on sex trafficking from the point of view of a brothel owner whoRead MoreFreedom Writers Critique1679 Words   |  7 PagesThe Freedom Writers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freedom Writers was released in 2007 on January 7. It was based on the book the Freedom Writers Diary by Erin Gruwell, who wrote the story based on a school name Woodrow Wilson Classical High School in Eastside Long Beach, California. This film tells a story about Erin Gruwell, who is a young teacher who just started her job as a freshman and sophomore English teacher at Woodrow Wilson High School. She is soon challenged by a group of Black, Latino and Asian gang membersRead MoreA Brief Look at Richard LaGrevenese853 Words   |  3 Pageswrote sketches. His sketch material led to an offer by former Saturday Night Live writer Neil Levy, to co-write the script for the 1989 release, Rude Awakening. He wrote (and sold) his first piece of writing for the off Broadway musical revue, My Name is Alice directed by Joan Michlin Silver. Mr. LaGravenese began his solo screenwriting career with his original screenplay The Fisher King, directed by Terry Gil liam. The film went on to earn five Academy Award nominations, including Best Screenplay, winningRead MoreCensorship in the Media Essay1084 Words   |  5 Pagessometimes are not capable of understanding the difference between reality and fiction. Censorship is a necessary vice, but the ones really in control, no matter which way you spin it, are the child’s parents. Between the start of television and films and today, many changes have been made to the definition of censorship. Censorship is not a new entity. It has been in existence since the Roman Empire, although they used it more so in the context of stifling any expression believed to threatenRead MoreRichard Attenborough s Film Gandhi1098 Words   |  5 PagesAttenborough’s film Gandhi (1982) unveils the saga of the greatest Indian freedom fighter and political activist Mahatma Gandhi. Attenborough presents a realistic and chronological record of the events in Gandhi’s life related with Indian Independence Movement. He made Ben Kingsley, the popular British actor enacting the role of Gandhi. The film opens by showing the end of Gandhi, after being shot by a Hindu fanatic and his burial with thousands of people mourning. The burial scene of Gandhi in the film clearlyRead MoreRita Hayworth And The Shawshank Redemption Analysis1362 Words   |  6 Pagesthe 1994 film adaptat ion by Frank Darabont, The Shawshank Redemption, there are key differences. These include additions, removals and slight changes in the narrative which arguably make the storyline better suited to the completely different medium of cinema. It is a requirement for directors and script writers to make some alterations when adapting a novel to film. This is ultimately because of the drastic reduction of narrative material from hundreds of pages to just two hours of film. When studyingRead MoreCopyright Law On The Planet1278 Words   |  6 Pagesthe purpose of litigation rather than distribution. Oftentimes, these practices are thought to be a violation of fair use, which enables copyrighted work to be used without the holder’s permission within certain contexts. One such context would be freedom of speech, or the right to freely express opinions without censorship. Due to how abusable current copyright laws such as the DMCA are, they must be reformed to protect free speech, to motivate content creators to create new works, and to prevent

The Disadvantages of Standardized Testing Essay - 1487 Words

Standardized tests are exams that are supposed to measure a child’s academic knowledge but have long been a controversial subject of discussion. Although it is one method to see how a child is performing, is it the best method? Standardized testing can be biased or unfair, inhibit both the teacher’s and the children’s creativity and flexibility, affect funding for schools, cause untested subjects to be eliminated from the curriculum, and cause anxiety for children and teachers. Standardized tests can also be biased or unfair because questions on these tests necessitate understanding and abilities that typically children from advantaged families have (Kohn, A, 2000). Children who live in poorer communities have a†¦show more content†¦Many times children who are held back do not improve educationally, become emotionally hurt from being retained, lose interest in school, and are more likely to be a drop-out (Fair Test, 2007). Standardized tests take aw ay from a teacher’s flexibility and creativity. With that in mind, teachers do not fit into the same mold either. Each teacher has their own style of teaching and should be given the flexibility to teach in a way that will inspire their students. Teachers are not able to be as creative in their teaching styles, when focused on test preparation. Many talented teachers leave the field of education when they lose the freedom to teach their own way. Teaching has gone from a creative art to a structured implementation as the focus shifts to standardized tests. Children are no longer encouraged to be creative in the test prep environment. Instead, they are being taught to perform well on standardized tests and are labeled as unintelligent if they don’t. Young children are born with creativity and we see that when they are playing and pretending. According to Sir Ken Robinson, in Slon’s (2013) article, â€Å"by the time they get to be adults, most kids hav e lost that capacity† to be creative. The fundamentals of creation and experimentation are not part of the standardized testing mechanism. Not every teacher teaching the same subject is going to emphasize the same area of that subject because each teacher has a differentShow MoreRelatedDisadvantages Of Standardized Testing1495 Words   |  6 PagesStudents Performance Second, standardized testing is not an equal result of what each student can do. All standardized tests are so important in students lives, so why is standardized testing so unequal for students. Disadvantage students get the shorter end of the stick when it comes to standardized testing. Most disadvantaged students can not do the same work in the same amount of time that someone without any disadvantages can do it. According to â€Å"Testing Patience†, â€Å"members of organizationsRead MoreDisadvantages Of Standardized Testing1949 Words   |  8 Pages Another big concern of standardized tests is how accurate the tests are when it comes to measuring a student’s knowledge and understanding of the subject. The tests are known for having mistakes in the answer key which ruins the entire point of even taking the test. Since the tests are being scored by a machine it kills off more than 200 workers annually for test graders (Strauss 1). The tests are unable to measure a student’s creativity or ability to critically think especially if it is a pureRead MoreDisadvantages Of Standardized Testing1816 Words   |  8 Pageshas taught them and perform to the best of their abilities in order to get into college. In recent years, there has been much speculation and dispute over the these examinations. The truth is, standardized tests to not accurately depict a student s knowledge on a particular subject. Removing the standardized test requirement creates an equal and fair chance for all applicants by removing the socioeconomic unfairness, and forces admissions representatives to analyze more than just a test score andRead MoreDisadvantages Of Standardized Testing Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesAdnanur Chowdhury Alex Kurian English 1301 9 November 2017 Disadvantage of Standardized testing system American Education has remained a work in growth for the earlier century. Standardized testing has been used to compare state, nation and school. The main focuses being tested as a worldwide measure are science, mathematics and reading. The impression behindhand statewide or national testing is mostly that all students are learning the similar stuffs at the same period so every student are on theRead More The Disadvantages Of Standardized Testing Essay examples1702 Words   |  7 PagesStandardized tests must be improved. Instead of traditional standardized testing, random testing should be put in place and tests themselves should be reconstructed to promote fairness, reduce errors and and more accurately assess student’s knowledge. Testing should be done to random groups of students on random dates throughout the year. There will be a large enough group of students to give a good idea of how well material is being taught but a small enough group that not everyone needs to ta keRead MoreAmerica s Educational System Must Improve Nationally By Removing Standardized Testing1287 Words   |  6 Pagesremoving standardized testing. American has recognized some of the flaws the education system has presented and chose to fix them; however, one of these problems has been standardized testing, which has not been identified nor changed. Standardized testing inflicts many problems to students that need to be fixed immediately. From inefficient teachers to poorer school systems, standardized testing needs to change because it deteriorates America’s education systems, it is an unfair disadvantage, and itRead MoreLimitations Of Standardized Test Scores1644 Words   |  7 Pagestime a student has reached their senior year of high school, they have taken a standardized test a great number of times in order to get the score to attend their college of choice. A standardized test is any exam that is given and scored in a predetermined, standard manner. The SAT and ACT are known as standardized aptitude tests (Popham). SAT stands for Scholastic Assessment Test and ACT stands for American College Testing. The SAT was first given in 1926 and the ACT followed in 1959. Students spendRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Standardized Testing1085 Words   |  5 PagesA standardized test is any form of test that requires all test takers to answer the same questions in the same way, and scored in a consistent manner, which makes it possible to compare the relative performance of students. A critical addition to education, standardized testing was a major step towards regulating a student’s achievements, ensuring the accountability of teachers, and guiding a school’s curriculum. Despite this noble aspiration, since the enactment of the No Child Left Behind Act andRead MoreStandardized Testing Should Be Optional Within The College Admission Process926 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the time that children begin school, standardized tests have been us ed to gauge their intellect and evaluate how they stack up amongst their peers. Since the initiation of the No Child Left Behind Act, under the Bush administration, standardized testing has seen a sharp increase. The immense emphasis placed upon standardized tests has acquired several opponents and received backlash from various parties involved. Although the tests are implemented with positive intended results, there are severalRead MoreStandardized Testing : Standardized Tests1186 Words   |  5 Pages Standardized Testing Impact Standardized testing is known to improve students’ education, but is it really needed in school? Standardized testing determines whether a student is prepared for the next grade based on their test scores. While some students do great on their test others struggle a lot. Not all students are good test takers; majority of the students do good in school but struggle when it comes down to testing. While many agree that standardized testing helps improve students

Diwali Experience Free Essays

â€Å"Diwali Delight† The best feeling is to have all your long-time unseen relatives and friends gather around together and have a blast. Recently on my dad’s birthday, the day of October 26th, the start of Diwali, can be as delightful as any of your cultural holidays. Diwali is the festival of lights. We will write a custom essay sample on Diwali Experience or any similar topic only for you Order Now Diwali involves the lighting of small clay lamps filled with oil to signify the triumph of good over evil. My dad was the first one to come to the United States in my whole, family, which makes me second generation Indian. He came from India for his masters in Alabama by the usual way of transportation: By flight. My family celebrates Diwali in three main ways: By lighting firecrackers, having a big family feast where only the men cook, and also by dancing to traditional Indian music. Diwali doesn’t just bring me boats load of fun, but also helps me recognize how light helps us in our everyday lives. As most people know, the lighting of firecrackers on Diwali Is well-known as the main event. Usually by 7 or 8’oclock, the neighborhood starts erupting. In our family it is traditional to go to our cousin’s house for this part of the event. All of the guests get one whole bag full of a different variety of firecrackers. The types include sparklers, rockets(which you blast), And also chain crackers, which are a hundreds of normal firecrackers put together. As the final crackers explode and the pictures are taken, we all head to our house, where we start the dinner feast. It is a custom in our family to let all the men cook a feast. As all the cars enter our driveway, all the men put on their baking gloves, and get ready to make a mess in the kitchen, while the women get very cautious about them and the children are playing in the backyard. As we hear a big scream from the parents for dinner, all the children quickly evacuate into the house. As we enter, our nose gets filled with the delightful aroma of the food. The food items prepared vary every year, which keeps us in anxiety. Recently, we had a type of Indian bread with different curries. Last but not least, we dance to traditional Bollywood music, which includes classical, vocational, and some of RB music. After our food digests, we play music from an ipod and everybody dances in joy. In conclusion, Diwali is always a great experience with your family members. I am proud that I am second generation Indian, and that we have a chance to celebrate Diwali. In my opinion, I believe our family celebrates this holiday the best by lighting up firecrackers, having a big family feast, and by dancing to traditional music. As said before, Diwali doesn’t just bring fun, but helps me recognize the importance of light in our everyday lives, which is believed to be the motive in our culture to celebrate this holiday. How to cite Diwali Experience, Papers

Setting of Something Wicked This Way Comes free essay sample

Wicked This Way Comes, Bradbury sets the story in Green Town, Illinois around the time of Halloween. At the beginning of the novel, a lightning rod salesman comes to town trying to sell the boys a lightning rod for a storm that Is approaching. However, the weather that evening was calm. Compare/Contrast the mood before the carnival came and after the carnival and describe the setting for each. Answer * Both the mood before and after the carnival wasnt bad. In the beginning, GreenTown Is calm and had a slight breeze that blew warm, then cool (p. 13). At the end, Will, Jim, and Mr.. Holloway are celebrating that the whole carnival situation is over. The setting in the beginning of the novel is calm as described on p. 13: So it was on that night that blew warm, then cool, as they let the wind take them downtown at eight oclock. We will write a custom essay sample on Setting of Something Wicked This Way Comes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They felt the wings of their fingers and elbows flying, then, suddenly plunged in new sweeps of air, the clear autumn river flung them headlong where they must go. 20th setting at the end of the novel is happy as stated on p. 0: Today was just another day in October in a year suddenly better than anyone supposed is could ever be Just a short hour ago, with the moon and the stars moving in a grand rotation toward inevitable damn, and then loping, and the last of this nights weeping done, and Will laughing and singing and Jim giving answer line by line, as they breasted the waves of dry stubble toward a town where they might live another few years across from each other. * The mood in the beginning was full of suspense and the mood after the carnival was uplifting. The mood in the ginning is full of suspense as Will is going home at night: It seemed when the first stroke if nine banged from the big courthouse clock all the lights were on and business humming in the shops. But by the time the last stroke on nine shook everyones fillings in his teeth, the barbers had yanked off the sheets, powdered the customers, trotter them forth; the druggists fount had stopped fizzing like a nest of snakes, the insect eons everywhere had ceased buzzing, and the vast glittering acreage of the dime store with Its ten billion metal, glass and paper oddments dating to be fished over, suddenly blacked out.Shades slithered, doors boomed, keys rattled their bones In locks, people fled with hordes of torn newspaper mice nibbling their heels. (p. 20) 20th mood at the end Is uplifting when It Is all over: But, running even with the boys, the middle-aged man reached out. Will slapped, Jim slapped, Dad slapped the semaphore signal base at the same Instant. Exultant, th ey banged a trio of shouts down the wind. Setting of Something Wicked This Way Comes By cherished salesman comes to town trying to sell the boys a lightning rod for a storm that isTown is calm and had a slight breeze that blew warm, then cool (p. 13). At the end, The setting in the beginning of the novel is calm as described on p. 13: So it was on Today was Just another day in October in a year suddenly better than anyone acreage of the dime store with its ten billion metal, glass and paper oddments keys rattled their bones in locks, people fled with hordes of torn newspaper mice nibbling their heels. (p. 20) 20th mood at the end is uplifting when it is all over: slapped, Dad slapped the semaphore signal base at the same instant.

John D. Rockefeller, Americas First Billionaire

John D. Rockefeller, America's First Billionaire John D. Rockefeller (July 8, 1839–May 23, 1937) was an astute businessman who became America’s first billionaire in 1916. In 1870, Rockefeller founded Standard Oil Company, which eventually became a domineering monopoly in the oil industry. Rockefeller’s leadership in Standard Oil brought him great wealth as well as controversy, as many opposed Rockefeller’s business practices. Standard Oil’s nearly complete monopoly of the industry was eventually brought to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled in 1911 that Rockefeller’s titanic trust should be dismantled. Though many disapproved of Rockefeller’s professional ethics, few could devalue his substantial philanthropic endeavors, which led to him to donate $540 million (more than $5 billion today) during his lifetime to humanitarian and charitable causes. Fast Facts: John D. Rockefeller Known For: Founder of Standard Oil and Americas first billionaireBorn: July 8, 1839 in Richford, New YorkParents: William â€Å"Big Bill† Rockefeller and Eliza (Davison) RockefellerDied: May 23, 1937 in Cleveland, OhioEducation: Folsom Mercantile CollegePublished Works: Random Reminiscences of Men and EventsSpouse: Laura Celestia â€Å"Cettie† SpelmanChildren: Elizabeth (Bessie), Alice (who died in infancy), Alta, Edith, John D. Rockefeller, Jr.Notable Quote: I was early taught to work as well as play, My life has been one long, happy holiday; Full of work and full of play- I dropped the worry on the way- and God was good to me every day. Early Years John Davison Rockefeller was born on July 8, 1839, in Richford, New York. He was the second of six children born to William â€Å"Big Bill† Rockefeller and Eliza (Davison) Rockefeller. William Rockefeller was a traveling salesman peddling his questionable wares across the country. As such, he was often absent from the home. John D. Rockefeller’s mother essentially raised the family on her own and managed their holdings, never knowing that her husband, under the name of Dr. William Levingston, had a second wife in New York. In 1853, â€Å"Big Bill† moved the Rockefeller family to Cleveland, Ohio, where Rockefeller attended Central High School. Rockefeller also joined the Euclid Avenue Baptist Church in Cleveland, of which he would remain a long-time active member. It was under his mother’s tutelage that the young John learned the value of religious devotion and charitable giving, virtues he practiced regularly throughout his life. In 1855, Rockefeller dropped out of high school to enter Folsom Mercantile College. After completing the business course in three months, 16-year-old Rockefeller secured a bookkeeping position with Hewitt Tuttle, a commission merchant and produce shipper. Early Years in Business It didn’t take long for John D. Rockefeller to develop a reputation as an astute businessman: hardworking, thorough, precise, composed, and adverse to risk-taking. Meticulous in every detail, especially with finances (he even kept detailed ledgers of his personal expenditures from the time he was 16), Rockefeller was able to save $1,000 in four years from his bookkeeping job. In 1859, Rockefeller added this money to a $1,000 loan from his father in order to invest in his own commission merchant partnership with Maurice B. Clark, a former Folsom Mercantile College classmate. Four years later, Rockefeller and Clark expanded into the regionally booming oil refinery business with a new partner, chemist Samuel Andrews, who had built a refinery but knew little about business and the transporting of goods. However, by 1865, the partners, which numbered five including Maurice Clark’s two brothers, were in disagreement about the management and direction of their business, so they agreed to sell the business to the highest bidder amongst them. The 25-year-old Rockefeller won it with a bid of $72,500 and, with Andrews as a partner, formed Rockefeller Andrews. In short order, Rockefeller studied the nascent oil business in earnest and became savvy in its dealings. Rockefeller’s company started small but soon merged with O.H. Payne, a large Cleveland refinery owner, and then with others as well. With his company growing, Rockefeller brought his brother (William) and Andrews’ brother (John) into the company. In 1866, Rockefeller noted that 70% of refined oil was being shipped to overseas markets. Rockefeller set up an office in New York City to cut out the middleman, a practice he would use repeatedly to cut expenses and increase profits. A year later, Henry M. Flagler joined the group and the company was renamed Rockefeller, Andrews, Flagler. As the business continued to succeed, the enterprise was incorporated as the Standard Oil Company on January 10, 1870, with John D. Rockefeller as its president. The Standard Oil Monopoly John D. Rockefeller and his partners in the Standard Oil Company were rich men, but they strove for even greater success. In 1871, Standard Oil, a few other large refineries, and major railroads secretly joined together in a holding company called the South Improvement Company (SIC). The SIC gave transportation discounts (â€Å"rebates†) to the large refineries that were part of their alliance but then charged the smaller, independent oil refineries more money (â€Å"drawbacks†) to shuttle their goods along the railroad. This was a blatant attempt to economically destroy those smaller refineries and it worked. In the end, many businesses succumbed to these aggressive practices; Rockefeller then bought out those competitors. As a result, Standard Oil obtained 20 Cleveland companies in one month in 1872. This event became known as â€Å"The Cleveland Massacre,† ending the competitive oil business in the city and claiming 25% of the country’s oil for Standard Oil Company. It also created a backlash of public contempt, with the media dubbing the organization â€Å"an octopus.† In April 1872, the SIC was disbanded per the Pennsylvania legislature but Standard Oil was already on its way to becoming a monopoly. A year later, Rockefeller expanded into New York and Pennsylvania with refineries, eventually controlling nearly half of the Pittsburgh oil business. The company continued to grow and consume independent refineries to the point that Standard Oil Company commanded 90% of America’s oil production by 1879. In January 1882, the Standard Oil Trust was formed with 40 separate corporations under its umbrella. To increase the financial gain from the business, Rockefeller eliminated middlemen like purchasing agents and wholesalers. He began manufacturing the barrels and cans needed to store the company’s oil.  Rockefeller also developed plants that produced petroleum byproducts like petroleum jelly, machine lubricants, chemical cleaners, and paraffin wax. Ultimately, the arms of the Standard Oil Trust eradicated the need for outsourcing entirely, which devastated existing industries in the process. Marriage and Children On September 8, 1864, John D. Rockefeller married the valedictorian of his high school class (though Rockefeller did not actually graduate). Laura Celestia â€Å"Cettie† Spelman, an assistant principal at the time of their marriage, was a college-educated daughter of a successful Cleveland businessman. Like her new husband, Cettie was also a devoted supporter of her church and like her parents, upheld the temperance and abolition movements. Rockefeller valued and often consulted his bright and independently-minded wife about business manners. Between 1866 and 1874, the couple had five children: Elizabeth (Bessie), Alice (who died in infancy), Alta, Edith, and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. With the family growing, Rockefeller bought a large house on Euclid Avenue in Cleveland, which became known as â€Å"Millionaire’s Row.† By 1880, they also purchased a summer home overlooking Lake Erie; Forest Hill, as it was called, became a favorite home of the Rockefellers. Four years later, because Rockefeller was doing more business in New York City and did not like being away from his family, the Rockefellers acquired yet another house. His wife and children would travel each fall to the city and stay for the winter months in the family’s large brownstone on West 54th Street. Later in life after the children were grown and grandchildren came, the Rockefellers built a house in Pocantico Hills, New York, a few miles north of Manhattan. They celebrated their golden anniversary there but during the following spring in 1915, Laura â€Å"Cettie† Rockefeller passed away at age 75. Media and Legal Woes John D. Rockefeller’s name had first been associated with ruthless business practices with the Cleveland Massacre, but after a 19-part serial exposà © by Ida Tarbell titled History of Standard Oil Company, started appearing in McClure’s Magazine in November 1902, his public reputation was proclaimed to be one of greed and corruption. Tarbell’s skillful narrative exposed all elements of the oil giant’s efforts to squash competition and of Standard Oil’s overbearing domination of the industry. The installments were later published as a book of the same name and quickly became a bestseller. With this spotlight on its business practices, the Standard Oil Trust was attacked by state and federal courts as well as by the media. In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed as the first federal antitrust legislation to limit monopolies. Sixteen years later, the U.S. attorney general during President Teddy Roosevelt’s administration filed two dozen antitrust actions against large corporations; chief among  them was Standard Oil. It took five years, but in 1911, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the lower court’s decision that ordered Standard Oil Trust to divest into 33 companies, which would function independently from each other. However, Rockefeller did not suffer. Because he was a major stockholder, his net worth grew exponentially with the dissolution and establishment of new business entities. Rockefeller as Philanthropist John D. Rockefeller was one of the wealthiest men in the world during his lifetime. Though a tycoon, he lived unpretentiously and kept a low social profile, rarely attending the theatre or other events typically attended by his peers. Since childhood, he had been trained to give to church and charity and Rockefeller had routinely done so. However, with a fortune believed to be worth more than a billion dollars after the dissolution of Standard Oil and a tarnished public image to rectify, John D. Rockefeller began to give away millions of dollars. In 1896, 57-year-old Rockefeller turned over the day-to-day leadership of Standard Oil, though he held the title of president until 1911, and began to focus on philanthropy. He had already contributed to the establishment of the University of Chicago in 1890, giving $35 million over the course of 20 years. While doing so, Rockefeller had acquired confidence in Rev. Frederick T. Gates, the director of the American Baptist Education Society, which established the university. With Gates as his investment manager and philanthropic adviser, John D. Rockefeller founded the Rockefeller Institute of Medical Research (now Rockefeller University) in New York in 1901. Within their laboratories, causes, cures, and various manners of prevention of diseases were discovered, including the cure for meningitis and the identification of DNA as the central genetic matter. A year later, Rockefeller established the General Education Board. In its 63 years of operation, it distributed $325 million to American schools and colleges. In 1909, Rockefeller launched a public health program in the effort to prevent and cure hookworm, a serious health issue in the southern states, through the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission. In 1913, Rockefeller created the Rockefeller Foundation, with his son John Jr. as president and Gates as a trustee, to foster the well-being of men and women around the world. In its first year, Rockefeller donated $100 million to the foundation, which has provided assistance to medical research and education, public health initiatives, scientific advancements, social research, the arts, and other fields around the world. A decade later, the Rockefeller Foundation was the largest grant-making foundation in the world and its founder deemed the most generous philanthropist in U.S. history. Death Along with donating his fortune, John D. Rockefeller spent his last years enjoying his children, grandchildren, and his hobby of landscaping and gardening. He was also an avid golfer. Rockefeller hoped to live to be a centenarian but died two years before the occasion on May 23, 1937. He was laid to rest between his beloved wife and mother at Lakeview Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio. Legacy Though many Americans scorned Rockefeller for making his Standard Oil fortune through unscrupulous business tactics, its profits aided the world. Through John D. Rockefeller’s philanthropic endeavors, the oil titan educated and saved an untold number of lives and aided medical and scientific advancement. Rockefeller also forever changed the landscape of American business. Sources â€Å"John D. Rockefeller: The Ultimate Oil Man.† John D. Rockefeller: The Ultimate Oil Man.â€Å"John D. Rockefeller.† Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 16 Jan. 2019.The Rockefeller Archive Center.

Learn More About the Immigration Medical Exam

Learn More About the Immigration Medical Exam A medical exam is required for all immigrant visas and some nonimmigrant visas, as well as for refugees and adjustment of status applicants. The purpose of the medical exam is to determine if individuals have health conditions that need attention prior to immigration. Doctors Authorized to Administer the Exam The medical exam must be performed by a physician approved by the U.S. government. In the U.S., the physician must be a U.S. Customs and Immigration Services-designated  civil surgeon.  Abroad, the exam must be conducted by a physician designated by the U.S. Department of State, also known as a panel physician.   To find an approved doctor in the U.S., go to the  myUSCIS Find a Doctor  or  call the National Customer Service Center at 1-800-375-5283. To find an approved doctor outside of the U.S., go to the  Department of State website. Admissibility Panel physicians and civil surgeons will classify an immigrants medical conditions into Class A or Class B. Class A medical conditions render an immigrant inadmissible to the U.S. The following situations are classified as Class A: tuberculosis, syphilis, gonorrhea, Hansens Disease (leprosy), cholera, diphtheria, plague, polio, smallpox, yellow fever, viral hemorrhagic fevers, severe acute respiratory syndromes, and influenza caused by novel or re-emergent influenza (pandemic flu). All immigrants, including those on an immigrant visa and an adjustment of applicants, must receive all of the required vaccinations. Those may include the following vaccine-preventable diseases: mumps, measles, rubella, polio, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae type B, rotavirus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, meningococcal disease, varicella, influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia. Other disqualifying factors from admission include individuals who have current physical or mental disorders, with harmful behavior associated with that disorder, or past physical or mental disorders, with associated harmful behavior that is likely to recur or lead to other harmful behavior and those individuals who are found to be drug abusers or drug addicts Other medical conditions may be categorized as Class B. These include physical or mental abnormalities, diseases (like HIV, which was declassified from Class A in 2010) or serious/permanent disabilities. Waivers may be granted for Class B medical conditions. Preparation for the Medical Exam The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services  will provide a list of doctors or clinics that the government has approved to perform immigration medical exams. An applicant should make an appointment as soon as possible so as not to delay case processing. Complete and bring form I-693 Medical Examination of Aliens Seeking Adjustment of Status to the appointment. Some consulates require passport-style photos for the medical exam. Check to see if the consulate requires photos as supporting materials. Bring payment as indicated by the doctors office, clinic or as directed in the instruction packet from USCIS. Bring proof of immunizations or vaccinations to the appointment. If immunizations are needed, the doctor will provide instructions on which are required and where they can be acquired, which is usually the local public health department. Individuals who have a chronic medical problem should bring copies of medical records to the exam to show that the condition is currently being treated and is under control. Examination and Testing The doctor will examine an applicant for certain physical and mental health conditions. The applicant will have to remove clothes for the medical exam to do a full body review. If the doctor determines that an applicant needs more tests because of a condition found during a medical exam, the applicant may be sent to their personal doctor or a local public health department for further tests or treatment. The applicant is required to be completely honest during the exam and truthfully answer any questions posed by medical staff. It is not necessary to volunteer more information than is requested. The applicant will be tested for tuberculosis (TB). Applicants two years old or older will be required to have a tuberculin skin test or chest x-ray. The doctor may require an applicant younger than two to have a skin test if the child has a history of contact with a known TB case, or if there is another reason to suspect TB disease. If 15 years or older, an applicant must have a blood test for syphilis. Exam Completion At the end of the exam, the doctor or clinic will provide the documentation that an applicant will need to give to USCIS or the U.S. Department of State to complete the adjustment of status. If there are any irregularities regarding the medical exam, it is the doctors responsibility to provide a medical opinion and make recommendations one way or another. The consulate or USCIS has the final decision on final approval.

Journal assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Journal - Assignment Example One of the significant things I have learnt is the importance of nurses joining professional organizations. I have learnt that organizations play a major role in addressing issues of nurses as well as influencing of health policy. Moreover, such body’s helps in addressing issues related to the society in terms of health. I have also realized that an individual cannot be able to further nursing goals as compared to a group. Hence, joining such entity can help in shaping and achieve nursing goals. On the other hand, I have noted that advocacy by nurse and such bodies are crucial in addressing the needs of the patients. This plays a significant role in the provision of quality care. Moreover, I have realized that various ethical issues arise as nurse work in various environments. Some of the ethical issues are likely to put one in a dilemma. Some of these issues may affect the performance of the nurse. As a result, one has to learn of various initiatives that can help address such challenges. The other important thing I have learnt is the influence advocacy. I have realized that advocacy can play a significant role in the transformation of the nursing profession, society health and individual nurse. The advocacy may help in highlighting some of the challenges ailing the health sector as well as influencing politicians to come up with favorable health policies as they use lobbyist. Additionally, I have realized how understaffing affects the health care outcomes. This is because the staffs may be overworked that may lead to poor concentration. Moreover, such nurses may be stressed and hence be not able to communicate with the patient efficiently. I believe more effort is needed to advance on professional Knowledge development and Communication. I need to undertake various initiatives so that to assume active responsibility for continuing to master these skills. One of the initiatives is to ensure that I have up to date knowledge on emerging

Defining concept of design thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Defining concept of design thinking - Essay Example ttributed to the design thinking, it can be considered the most powerful tool when used in an efficient way and it can be the basis that drives a brand or business towards success. There are a number of steps that are associated with design thinking which include the definition of the problem, the creation of options, refining the selected options and executing the chosen selections. This part of the process is perceived to be the simplest but is actually the most important part of the four phases since it mainly identifies the problem that is supposed to be solved (Dandy, 2008, p. 89). The design thinking needs a team or business to always have query of the brief as well as the problem that needs to be addressed and participating in the definition of the opportunity and the revision of the opportunity before starting on its creation and implementation. The participation typically encompasses engagement and the extreme cross-examination of the filters that have been utilized in the definition of the problem. As far as design thinking is concerned, observation is at the centre of the process and the observation has the ability to tell the difference between what the people actually do and what they are perceived to be doing (Meinel and Leifer, 2011, p. 163). Getting out of the cube and being involved in the procedures involved, the product shopping experience or the operational theatre is essential and therefore needs a lot of attention. When it comes to the definition of the problem, design thinking also needs cross-functional insight that is directed at each of the problems by the various views and also a regular and persistent questioning the same way that a small child would do. This should go on until the basic answers are established and the fundamental underlying issues are recognized and revealed. The definition of the issue by means of design thinking needs the deferment of judgment when arriving at the definitions of the problem statement whereby the

War Rhetoric Essay -- History Iraq WWII Essays Papers

War Rhetoric Introduction Last year, discussing the new World War II Monument in Washington D.C., the Washington Post described World War II, â€Å"in the words of novelist John Updike – ‘when good and evil contended for the planet, a tale of Troy whose angles are infinite and whose central figures never fail to amaze us with their size, their theatricality, their sweep,’† (Atkinson). World War II is commonly perceived as a black and white cause: America’s freedom versus Germany’s fascism. This mythological characterization expresses the general sentiment most Americans have toward all that took place during World War II. We perceive that it satisfied a basic human desire in Americans pertaining to war by appealing to our desire to see good and evil in clear forms. When a war is definable as a contest â€Å"for the planet† such a definition gives the average citizen a certain enormity of tension, compelling the reader all the more to be involved in the conflict. The Iraq war did not have such unanimous national perception of justification, nor the resultant purpose that lies therein. Having spurred debate about weapons of mass destruction (CIA), strained relationships with other countries (Rising), casualty counts (CNN) the high cost of the war (NPP), and numerous influential groups opposing the war (IRTF), it could not fulfill the image of World War II, having a clear moral cause, unquestioned by the masses. This war also did not appeal to a sense of intense conflict within the American psyche as a battle for the planet, since no one doubted the inevitable victory of America’s strength over Iraq’s dwindling, decimated army. Resultantly, America has a heightened dramatistic need rhetoricians seek to satisfy by symbolizing ... ...raq and the Middle East." 2005. 9 March 2005. . Leeds-Hurwitz, Wendy. "Signs". Semiotics and Communication. Lea. 1993. 22-49. National Priorities Project. "The Calculator." 2005. 9 March 2005 . Payne, David. "Dramatic Criticism." Modern Rhetorical Criticism. Ed. Roderick Hart. Allyn & Bacon; 2nd Edition. 1996. 259-283. Rising, David. "Rumsfeld calls for unity in fight against terrorism at security conference." CNEWS. 2005. 9 March 2005. . Summer Jobs Poster courtesy of Mindy with the good eyes. 1983 (give or take a few years). 8 March 2005. The Viking Union and Red Square. Wilkins, Richard G. "Welcome to Defend Marriage!" 2002-2003. 8 March 2005. .

Joline Godfrey and the Polaroid Corporation Essay

Executive Summary The critical problems Polaroid faced in the â€Å"Joline Godfrey and the Polaroid Corporation (A)† case are the lack of structures to support innovations and the absence of mechanisms to develop talents. Polaroid’s business revolved around a single product category, which had been under the threat of emerging technologies. The company had retrenched to a narrow focus on profit through cost-cutting and short-term sales promotions instead of business innovations for strategic repositioning. The company’s engineering orientation and respect for â€Å"rising-through-the-ranks† made it difficult for innovative endeavors and talents from a different background (particularly females) to bring about strategic changes. The organizational deficiencies at Polaroid manifested themselves through a series of unorthodox choices and manoeuvres of Joline Godfrey and her mentor Jerry Sudbey, which tried to circumvent internal limitations to obtain financial and human resour ces for the exploration of a strategic alternative. With limited trust and regards for formal processes, Joline turned her Odysseum project into a â€Å"private experiment† and failed to compromise tactically with key corporate stakeholders to garner support and legitimacy. The project gradually lost its direction and internal support and the failed initiative cumulated in Joline’s derailment as an agent of change and a young talent with promising creativity. To prevent failures like Joline and her Odysseum project from repeating themselves, we recommend from Polaroid’s organizational perspective to: 1)Introduce a project management office to provide guidelines, assess viability, prioritize resources and establish milestones and deliverables to materialize innovative ideas; 2)Introduce a mentorship program to provide high potential staff with structured training, line exposure, project exposure and strategic guidance for them to flourish. The Problems and How They Arose The critical problems Polaroid faced in the â€Å"Joline Godfrey and the Polaroid Corporation (A)† case are the lack of structures to support innovations and the absence of mechanisms to develop talents.  Polaroid’s business revolved around a single product category, which had been under the threat of emerging technologies. After the retirement of its founder, the company had retrenched to a narrow focus on profit through cost-cutting and short-term sales promotions instead of business innovations for strategic repositioning. The company’s engineering orientation and respect for â€Å"rising-through-the-ranks† had built a collection of like-minds which reinforced this lack of openness, making it difficult for innovative endeavors and talents from a different background (particularly females) to bring about strategic changes. The Negative Consequences The organizational deficiencies at Polaroid manifested themselves through an unorthodox mentor-apprentice relationship between Jerry Sudbey and Joline Godfrey. In an attempt to explore a strategic alternative to cope with external changes, they took a series of choices and manoeuvres that circumvented Polaroid’s internal limitations. Joline’s Odysseum project took on a â€Å"private experiment† flavour and gradually lost its direction and support from Polaroid’s corporate structure. To Polaroid, the failure of the Odysseum initiative not only cumulated in the derailment of Joline as a young talent with promising creativity, but also spelled an opportunity missed perhaps for a critical corporate change. What Went Wrong? While Polaroid’s senior management claimed to embrace innovation, they did not â€Å"walk the talk†. As much as Jerry saw the need for Polaroid to evolve with its environment through Joline’s Odysseum project, the initiative lived on a patchwork budget. Financial support needed to be solicited from different functions, most of which through personal relationships rather than formal authority and endorsement. The project team had been assembled from volunteers who worked during private hours. Without stand-alone budget and resources, Joline’s drive for innovation faced tremendous pressure and took a hit in times of cost-cutting. The strategic instinct and personal rapport that Jerry had with peers and top management could only carry the initiative through a short distance, but not to the end where a fundamental change in the way Polaroid does business might have come about. Joline’s career at Polaroid had revolved around ad-hoc projects initiated by senior management (e.g. corporate downsizing  and the Spetra launch). Through these highly unstructured opportunities, Joline had developed a knack for thinking out-of-the-box and taking on challenges at her own initiative. Joline was creative, energetic and highly driven. She had the charisma not only to attract followers but also elicit the best out of them. However, without well-structured training and guidance from Polaroid’s hierarchy, Joline remained a â€Å"dreamer† with no hand-on experience in line functions that are essential for creditability and respect in Polaroid’s conservative culture. With few opportunities to work through and appreciate the formal structures and processes in Polaroid, she had developed a tendency to go her own way, unimpeded and even to a degree of stubbornness that she simply refused to compromise tactically with key corporate stakeholders (e.g. the marketing department) to garner support and legitimacy for her Odysseum project (see Exhibit 1). What Can Be Done to Avoid a Repeat? While it may be convenient to pin the failure of Odysseum, the mentor-apprentice relationship, and Joline’s derailment on the personal ineffectiveness of herself and Jerry, it would be far more meaningful rather for Polaroid to address innovation and executive development from an organizational perspective (see Exhibit 2). Firstly, we suggest the introduction of a project management office (PMO) to consolidate, support and control innovative endeavors. Individuals and teams are encouraged to formulate ideas into structured proposals with clear objectives, benefit and cost assessments, milestones, deliverables and adoption and cut-loss thresholds. The PMO will evaluate the proposals in terms of strategic fit, potential impacts and viability, prioritize the chosen ones, and procure resources and support for their incubation. The PMO will take projects with promising interim results to line departments for critique and validation, then formalize them as corporate initiatives and monitor their implementation progress. The cost of a PMO would likely be a couple of executives with good knowledge of organizational structure and business and financial processes to keep new ideas moving along. The key benefits of a PMO are the pronounced commitment to and structural support for intrapreneurship, which would foster innovation while keeping initiatives practical and realistic to yield profits for the organization over both  short and long terms. Secondly, to protect talented but inexperienced executives from failing through derailment cracks, we recommend the establishment of a training and mentorship program. Staff with potentials will each be assigned to a mentor from senior management, who will provide strategic guidance and help the staff develop key networks. The mentorship will be coupled with short-to-medium term assignments to business and functional lines to help the staff acquire hard-skills conforming to company standards and values. This balance of top-down and bottom-up approaches will help the staff understand business processes from strategic planning through to procedural execution. Cost of the program will likely be extra time spent by senior managers (as mentors) and line managers (as trainers). But rewards will be long-term and plentiful – it will help the organization establish talent pipelines and solidify succession plans, which will enhance its long-term sustainability. 1. The market (external environment) is changing – evolving from film to electronic photography. 2. Sudbey as a corporate leader had a vision for Polaroid to reposition to a service orientation. 3. Project Odysseum was carried out mostly through informal structures and lost track in the end. 4. Polaroid lacked the formal structures to support innovation (e.g. financing, human resources, strategic guidance, etc.). 5. Changes are needed in formal structures  (introduction of Project Management Office and Mentorship Program). 6. The new formal structures would trigger changes in how different components of the organizational architecture interact with each other (e.g. leadership involvement, work process for incubation of innovative ideas, etc.). 7. Polaroid would benefit as an organization and its staff would have venues to materialize their innovative ideas and develop skills to evolve into competent executives.

Poverty Essay Example PDF - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4117 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Politics Essay Type Research paper Tags: America Essay Did you like this example? American Presidency: War on Poverty Introduction Approximately five decades ago, in the midst of, the mass media, unprecedented national prosperity, policymakers, and the American public made a startling discovery that millions of the Americans were living in poverty. In January 1964, the American president by then, President Lyndon B Johnson declared a †War on Poverty† slogan that led to the introduction of initiatives designed to improve the health, jobs, education, skills, and access to economic resources. At the time, the rate of poverty in America was approximately 19 percent and was falling rapidly. This marked the beginning of numerous actions by the key players in poverty reduction that has seen the rate of poverty in America to reduce by around 75 percent, bestowing to Chappell (102). The industrial and economic boom following the World War II declared America the wealthiest nation globally; however, not all the Americans had the opportunity to shar e in the good fortune. The role played by President Lyndon in War on Poverty The administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson declared unconditional war on poverty in America that led to the inception of numerous programs to alleviate poverty. The legacy left by President Lyndon B. Johnson war on poverty clearly demonstrates that the programs have offered the opportunity and economic security to millions of Americans. President Lyndon B. Johnson established investments and initiatives in war on poverty declaration that was built on the existing foundation of progressive social policies enacted during the new Deal era, for example, the Social Security Act, small-scale nutritional assistance initiatives, and early training and health programs (Dodds 17). These investments were enacted with the bipartisan support that continues to fight poverty in American societies today. The administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson acting on war on poverty spurred the creation of programs and policies designed to reduce educational inequalities by improving the affordability and access to college, especially for low-income students. The most notable program implemented in the administration of Johnson was the Pell Grant, which was established through the Higher Education Act 1965 and continues to provide low-income students grants to attend college. The focus of President Lyndon B. Johnson to educational access and affordability to low-income households significantly enrolled fewer affluent students of ages 16 to 24 in colleges during 1.9 million students received Pell Grants (Dodds 19). The main reason for starting the war on poverty program, according to Watts (34), was to realize social and economic justice for all Americans. President Lyndon B. Johnson established federal programs across the country through foundations and private sector initiatives and grassroots political efforts to implement war on poverty declaration. Therefore, the struggle for war on po verty took the direction of organizing streets of Newark and California fields, formation of national welfare rights movement and a series of chronicles of events captured the vision of war on poverty in America. While the war on poverty was started to provide an opportunity for the poor, there is a different school of thought that expressed that the initiative purposefully served social, economic and political interest of the status quo. Nelson (36) indicates that besides the personal interest of President Lyndon, numerous factors engineered the start of the war on poverty declaration. Various publications, such as the 1962 publication of Michael Harringtons The Other America, made the issue a public debate that brought the matter to the attention of President Lyndon. The war on poverty declaration was also implemented through the establishment of financial aid programs by the federal government that increased the share of low-income students enrolling in higher education. Resea rch evidence shows that need-based financial aids increase college enrollment among the low-income students, thus reducing their chances of dropping out of educational institutions (Jones 87). The standard reasoning perhaps was that educational support could strengthen the economy since having increased college education increases employment wages. Therefore, President Lyndon B. Johnson opted to use the approach of making education more affordable and accessible for the low-income families by providing financial aids and other programs to fight poverty. Truly, young adults with only high school diplomas are nearly three times more likely to remain unemployed and earn less than their degree holders’ counterparts. Essentially, President Johnson made tremendous efforts in his administration by signing the four major pieces of legislation into law. In particular, the signing of The Food Stamp Act of 1964, The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, The Social Security Amendments of 196 5, and The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 marked the beginning of war on poverty declaration campaign (Nelson 39). President Lyndon B. Johnson also signed Medicaid bill into law in 1965 that was a public health insurance program, exclusively funded by the state and federal government to cover the vulnerable households including pregnant women and people with disabilities. The program first included 4 million individuals and has since expanded covering 62 million people, including 32 million children (Mari 12). The reduction of poverty through health incentives initiated by President Lyndon B. Johnson was vital for the low-income women in pregnancy-related services and family planning that in overall improved child health outcomes reduce infant mortality rate and improve maternal health. The legacy of President Lyndon B. Johnson has made the Medicaid program the largest source of coverage for community-based long-term care and nursing home services and support. Tod ay, Milkis (17) reports, more than 60 percent of the individuals living in nursing homes are covered by Medicaid and nearly 10 million elderly Americans and children with disabilities receives long-term services and support, thanks to the significant contribution of President Lyndon B. Johnson by signing the Medicaid bill into law. Constitutional Aids and Impediments President Lyndon B. Johnson made poverty a national concern barely after two months in office. According to Milkis (22), the significant constitutional aid that made the declaration a success was the provisions of creating set in motion of bills and acts. The constitution mandates the Congress to bring bills to the House for debate and necessary action. Besides, the law provided the president with the powers to ascend into bills and make them into laws. Following the constitutional mandate, President Lyndon B. Johnson, through the Congress, created programs such as Food Stamps, Medicare and Medicaid, and Work Stud y, which still exist today. Furthermore, the constitution provided the civil rights movement that demanded economic reform through policy implementation. The national civil rights, based on their constitutional rights, focused their attention on economic inequality, essentially, in relation to the nation’s pervasive patterns of racial discrimination (Milkis 22-23). For instance, Martin Luther King frequently addressed the relationship between discrimination and poverty. This provides an example of civil rights provided by the Constitution that led to the pressing of economic reform. The metaphor of war provided a greater political appeal, and as James (102) suggests, it marshaled the nation’s resources to combat, defeat poverty. The launch of the war on poverty presented constitutional advantage in dramatizing the issue and pushing the legislation through the Congress. The constitution creates an impediment to war on poverty by prohibiting the state legislature from authorizing any political corporation of the state. The state cannot grant its money or lend its credit to any individual, corporation or association. The Constitution indicates that the legislature shall have no power to authorize or make any grant of the public moneys to any party (James 105). Such provisions in our constitution prevent the gratuitous application of public funds to private individuals. However, the war of poverty requires corporation between the private and public entities for successful implementation of programs. Therefore, the fact that the constitution bars the legislature from providing credit to the private is an impediment to the war on poverty. Success and Failures The investments and initiatives spearheaded by the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson reduced economic hardship in America. The success of Johnson is clearly indicated by the increased educational attainment in America, reduced hunger and economic hardship, and paved pathway to the middle class that has made it possible for millions of Americans to escape poverty. Indeed, the war on poverty declaration made tremendous groundwork for the modern-day social safety net that saw the America undergoing transformative changes since 1960   (Milkis 20). Also, President Lyndon B. Johnson promoted war on poverty by building on policies geared to develop the middle class, including investment in education and infrastructure, strong labor market institutions, and a robust minimum wage. While success is obviously readable, the failures of the President Lyndon B. Johnson on the war on poverty declaration, conceivably, were to keep the institutions formed abreast with the constitutional mandates. Undeniably, most of our institutions and policies have failed to keep up with the changes in America society. Therefore, there has been a significant increase in unequal economic growth and income inequality among the citizens. Besides, Peter et al. (23) writes that failures can be observed based on the insufficient access to jobs and education, and significant demographic shift have transformed our economy as well as permeating our social fabric. As a result, our necessity to update our approach to eradication of poverty to match the 21st century has been underscored to speak the least. Although the war on poverty has stressed education and training to lift poor families, it has failed to address the developing welfare crisis and dissatisfaction of Americans with the system. Peter et al. (24-25) reports that welfare mothers have begun to demand benefits in protest marches and demonstrations across the nation. Obstacles The aim for economic growth by President Lyndon B. Johnson and permanent war on poverty faced trends such as technology and globalization that displaced a number of workers, weakening the labor unions, thus lowering wages. Likewise, the choices of policy that lead to a great recession such as in 1980s exacerbated these trends. The policy of enacting excessive tax cuts for the wealthy promoted the decline f the minimum wage that weakened the ability of the workers to join the unions without retaliation, therefore the decision makers have accelerated economic growth at the top and increased inequality. These obstacles mention some of the trends that negatively affected the effective implementation of the war on poverty programs for permanent gain. After the war on poverty declaration, national income sharing for the top individuals has doubled (Watt 52). In fact, Patterson (77) hints, national income inequality is the major obstacle to poverty eradication in the current century. Lack of policy reforms is the reason behind low economic growth and the major obstacle on the path of war on poverty declaration. Despite the projections on poverty elimination, our policies have failed to keep pace with significant social and economic changes leading an increased income inequality. Likewise, the cost of education has increased, making increasingly hard for low-income households to take their children to schools, limiting the potential for higher social mobility. Following the declaration of President Lyndon B. Johnson on the war on poverty in America, there was a hefty duty left to the Congress owing to the constitutionality of the matter. Through the constitutional powers, the Congress passed the bipartisan Economic Opportunity Act 1964 as well as legislation of significant civil rights. Constitutionally, the Congress is the arm of the government responsible for legislation. As such, their role in legislation significantly promoted the war on poverty administrative declaration by President Lyndon B. Johnson. According to Jones (81), the legislative framework undertaken by the Congress led to the expansion of the economic opportunities through health programs, anti-poverty bodies, educational programs, and favorable employment policies. The Congress, according to Dodds (21) employed the consti tutional powers to promote war on poverty slogan in the administrations of Nixon and Johnson. In particular, legislation of the Congress laid the foundation for the modern-day safety net, including the Medicare, Head Start, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, and Expanded Social Security. These programs kept millions of American families out of poverty and made college education more accessible. Furthermore, the Congress made legislations that aimed at strengthening the American economy where the gains are shared equitably and committing to programs and policies that are beneficial. The legislative measures to improve the economy resulted in the reduction of the gap between the poor and the rich, raised the minimum wage and created better quality jobs for the citizens. The expansion of economic opportunity and income support initiatives cut the poverty in the country. Over President Lyndons administration, the Congress constantly renewed the national commitment to reduce p overty. In particular, the constitutional birth of a project of the Center for American Progress Action Fund, The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights and the Coalition on Human Needs made tremendous contribution to cutting the poverty (Milkis 25). Besides, the Congress created the first ever permanent Food Stamp Program in 1964 that provided monthly benefits to low-income families, essentially, those with children that were struggling for their daily meals. Brinkley (81) indicates that the Congress strengthened the school lunch program in 1966 alongside establishing a pilot version of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program foe Infants, Women, and Children (WIC) in 1972 under the Nixon administration. The significant legislative contribution to the Congress in war on poverty declaration was timely and necessary. Research shows that the programs increased the nutritional assistance of the Americans with a significant percentage. According to Nelson (87) the Food Stam p Program, currently referred as the SNAP, continues to be one of the most effective anti-poverty and anti-hunger initiatives in the United States. Indeed, nutritional assistance is a vital program for the families struggling to put food on the table. While current data indicates that 49 million Americans, 16 million children included, struggle with hunger, SNAP has provided significant assistance that has led to the decrease of food security by 5-10 percent (Nelson 91). According to the study, in 2012 alone, SNAP kept 5 million people out of poverty, and without the contribution of the Congress, perhaps the poverty rate in America would have been numerically higher. Based on the Congress re-evaluation, the SNAP program focused on the most vulnerable families and provides income support for low-wage workers. The Congress observed that approximately 75 percent of the SNAP recipients to be families with children and people with disabilities (Davies 201). Survey from the U.S Depart ment of Agriculture indicates that SNAP serves a powerful economic stimulus that generates $9 in economic activity. In a nutshell, the Congress made efforts based on four pieces of legislation; The Food Stamp Act of 1964, The Social Security Amendments of 1965, The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, and The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 that together mentioned the contribution of the Congress in war on poverty contribution (Davies 204). The constitutional offices created in the judiciary promoted the war on poverty declaration in various channels. Firstly, the courts, especially the Supreme Court was instrumental in providing interpretations of the laws and amendments that followed the war on poverty declaration. For instance, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court through a prescribed affidavit of indiquency provided the definition of indigent persons. The poverty guidelines provided by the Supreme Court validated that a person whose income, after taxes is one hu ndred and twenty-five percent or less of the current poverty threshold annually established by community service administration was eligible for consideration of the war on poverty programs (Nelson 93). Therefore, the courts constitutionally provided the federal poverty guidelines based on the federal register for relevant pursuant. War on poverty supporters observed that the US courts should make their rulings in favor of the poor and assist in strengthening programs and protections of the low-income families. Besides, the US courts aided in decision-making based on the established laws on war on poverty that ensured proper implementation of the programs to the target group and eliminated corruption. According to Jones (92), the courts have complementary roles in promoting development and fighting poverty. Today, the politics of America is governed by a multi-party system. The Republican Party and the Democratic Party are the most powerful. However, parties such as Libertarian, Reform, Constitution, and Natural Law exist but cannot sponsor a candidate in presidential elections. Political parties are important in the fight against poverty in America. The issue of poverty has been a central debate of the political parties as politicians seek to woo voters. Political parties have a made tremendous awareness on the war on poverty policies, thus influencing the public opinion on the issue of war on poverty. The political parties through their leadership have a natural advantage in knowing and understanding the resources and needs of their own territories. Besides, the leaders can provide better local public goods to meet the demands of their supporters (Nelson 97). Political parties have promoted the debate on governance based on the institutions of the national state to push the war on poverty. In fact, the political parties, especially, the opposition is very critical in keeping the government abreast to deliver on their mandates of serving the American citi zens. Conferring to Patterson (79), the opposition in both the Senate and the Congress has played a crucial role in joining the other legislatures in passing laws on war on poverty. The role of political parties in sponsoring candidates that can advocate the issues affecting the Americans can also not be ignored. Essentially, President Johnson came into power by virtue of the political party sponsorship. Through this, he was able to declare the war on poverty in his administration and used the numerical strength of his political party to pass four critical bills that enforced the war on poverty declaration. Furthermore, political parties provide the required competency in monitoring the government budget and ensure that key issues such as poverty are given priority. For instance, the government of President Obama allocated 19 billion US dollars towards poverty eradication. This required the numerical strength of the political parties to approve the budget and focus on the key iss ues affecting the Americans. Political parties have focused on the different sides of the poverty equation. The Democrats focus on economic inequalities and processed government programs while the Republicans focused on the championship of values of personality and responsibility as well as family breakdown. Therefore, the political parties provide platform for fresh approaches to the war on poverty declaration. Poverty has previously constituted the central political campaign vocabulary in American politics. The Democratic nominating contest saw the mentioning of poverty a staple of stump of the presidential candidates’ speeches. The voters that from the public are often ready to listen to a fresh approach for assisting the poor Americans lift themselves from poverty. Public opinion on the approach that should be employed in uplifting low-income families is an important facet of the war on poverty declaration of 1964. Pundits that argue that poverty is not an important co ncern to the public underestimate the public concern. A study that sought public opinion on poverty reported that a whopping 78 percent indicated that they were more interested in anti-poverty policies. The public considers the position of the candidate on poverty and hunger when casting their votes (Mari 12-13). Therefore, the public plays a significant role in voting the leaders with sound approaches on poverty issues, thus contributing to the war on poverty declaration. Previously, the public has expressed their willingness to spend more money to achieve results in fighting hunger and poverty. According to a poll taken in 2001, 85 percent of the Americans supported the expansion of subsidized healthcare, minimum wage and spending more money on medical care for the poor (Mari 13). Besides, the public has ascended to the increment of Child’s Health Insurance Program and Medicaid. The public has in the past expressed worries that the government is spending a little money on war on poverty that has seen the Obama administration increasing funds for the war on poverty. Also, the American support the faith-based programs and suggests that there should be a sharing between the government and non-governmental efforts to solve the poverty issue. Public participation in the bills that gets enacted into law is also important as they provide insights into the key areas of concern owing to the fact that they have raw data on the issue of poverty than their leaders. The Role of the Press The significance of the press in creating awareness of the war on poverty also forms a significant facet of the war on poverty declaration. The media has the capacity to reach the indigenous people that according to Chappell (112) play a significant role in fighting poverty and hunger. Essentially, the traditional knowledge that is currently highlighted in Rome, for instance, has been referred to as a â€Å"unique global gathering†. The press significantly brings to gether the participants of war on poverty and the self-identified indigenous groups. The press through communication and information development is a force multiplier of the American’s goal of war on poverty and promoting shared prosperity. The data collected by the press can also be a game changer in the fight against poverty and hunger. The press reduces the cost of connectivity and access to data, especially for the poor who have the potential to transform the poverty structure in America. While the cost of physical movement is high, Chappell (114) writes, the press has created a cheap way of receiving information that is advocated by the federal government to the grassroots. Likewise, the press is a significant function as a monitor of the government. The press conveys information and stores data based on the programs promised by the presidential candidates during campaigns and makes a follow-up research to inform the public about the achievements or failures. Poverty era dication optimists also easily reach out to the public for information on poverty eradication. The continual evolution of the American poverty has future political implications in the nation. Fifty-one years since the war on poverty declaration was made by President Johnson, today, however, poverty in America differs in various fundamental ways from the poverty that reformers emerged to address five decades ago   (Mari, 16). Essentially, the location, socioeconomic characteristics of poverty has shifted dramatically posing significant changes in future politics in America. Therefore, the current poverty in America reflects income inequality in America despite the economic development attained over the five decades. The impact of poverty on educational achievements and health of the American children would result in future economic productivity and higher healthcare cost. The politic of America would still under the control of the affluent minority that can afford education and maintain the status quo. Income inequality, which is a direct consequence of poverty has promoted the widening the social and political gap between the individuals at the top of the income gradient and the majority at the lower income levels. The future prospects of politicians will less focus on poverty as, for instance, the constructive talk of Gorge W. Bush used the word â€Å"poverty† thrice and each time, he referred to poverty in Africa and other developing countries. Likewise, President Obama never talked about poverty in his inaugural address; however, he referred to â€Å"poor nations.† Not surprisingly, most governors rarely mention about poverty in their state speeches. In conclusion, the future politicians would barely see a poverty agenda as politically significant either as a potential positive aspect of their campaigns. Conclusion Available data indicates that nearly 40 million Americans were living in abject poverty by 1959. Besides, their livel ihoods were threatened by the innovations that made the country wealthier. Numerous people lost their jobs following the introduction of machines that played a larger role in the workplace. Therefore, in less than two months after his swearing in, President Lyndon Johnson chose poverty as his domestic administration agenda point of emphasis. The president built on the visions of his predecessor John F. Kennedy during the state union by choosing to fight poverty through expansion of opportunities for the poor through education and training. Five decades down the lane, Americans still suffer a characteristically different poverty due to poor implementation of policies. References Brinkley, Alan. The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War. New York: Vintage Books, 1996 Chappell, Marisa. The War on Welfare: Family, Poverty and Politics in Modern American. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010 Davies, Gareth. â€Å"War on Dependency: Liber al Individualism and the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964,† Journal of American Studies, 26 (Aug. 1992), 205–31 Dodds, Graham.   Take Up Your Pen: Unilateral Pres. Directives.   U. Penn. Press, 2013.    James T. Patterson, America’s Struggle Against Poverty, 1900–1994 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), pp. 105–11. Jones, Charles O. The American Presidency. New York: Sterling Pub. Co, 2009. Internet resource. Mari, Christopher, and Paul McCaffrey. The American Presidency. New York: H.W. Wilson Co, 2008. Print. Milkis, S. M. Nelson.   The Am. Presidency: Origins Development.   6th ed.   CQ, 2012.    Nelson, Michael, ed.   The Presidency and the Political System.   10th ed.   CQ, 2014 Patterson, James T. America’s Struggle Against Poverty, 1900-1994. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994. Peter Marris and Martin Rein, Dilemmas of Social Reform: Poverty and Community Action in t he United States (New York: Atherton Press, 1967), pp. 20–30; O’Connor, Poverty Knowledge, pp. 127–36. Watts, Duncan. The American Presidency. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009. Internet resource. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Poverty Essay Example PDF" essay for you Create order